Climate Change: Fitting the Pieces Together

FAQs

Earth Gauge:
• Climate fact sheets
• FAQs

University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) Climate FAQs

U.S. Climate Change Science Program Common Questions

General

Broecker, W.S., and R. Kunzig, 2008: Fixing Climate: What Past Climate Changes Reveal About the Current Threat--and How to Counter It. Hill and Wang, 253 pp.

Calvin, W.H., 2008. Global Fever: How to Treat Climate Change. University of Chicago Press, 337 pp.

Cowie, J., 2007: Climate Change: Biological and Human Aspects. Cambridge University Press, 504 pp. Cotton, W.R., and R.A. Pielke, Sr., 2007: Human Impacts on Weather and Climate. Cambridge University Press, 330 pp. See especially epilogue.

Henson, R., 2008: The Rough Guide to Climate Change. Rough Guides Ltd, 384 pp.

IPCC Reports:
• AR4 Synthesis Report
• Working Group I Report "The Physical Science Basis"
• Working Group II Report "Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability"
• Working Group III Report "Mitigation of Climate Change"

Climate Communication Science & Outreach

NCAR/UCAR Free podcasts on climate and climate change

The Encyclopedia of Earth (peer reviewed articles about earth)

U.S. Climate Change Science Program Synthesis and Assessment reports

Weather on Steroids (UCAR)

Impacts

Carbon emissions calculators:
• Household emissions (EPA, does not include air travel)
• Household emissions (The Nature Conservancy, includes air travel)
• Business and organization emissions (The Climate Trust)

Human Dimensions of Global Change (The National Academies)

Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (IPCC)

National Wildlife Federation:
• State fact sheets
• Gardener's Guide to Global Warming

Sea level rise animations and graphics:
• U.S. Geological Survey (not a prediction of rise but an illustration of low elevation areas, includes number of people living in those areas)
• University of Arizona

U.S. Climate Extremes index (NOAA)

U.S. Department of Agriculture papers about crops and climate change

K-12

Climate Change and Our Planet (NOAA)

Living in the Greenhouse (UCAR)

Stabilization wedges game (Princeton University)

Windows to the Universe climate section (UCAR and Univ. of Michigan)

Measurements / Observations

CO₂ concentrations from ice cores and Mauna Loa (Oak Ridge National Laboratory/Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center)

Global CO₂ emissions data (Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency)

NASA GISS surface temperature analysis

National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC)

NOAA climate monitoring

NOAA graphical anomaly products

Scripps CO₂ monitoring program

Sea level data (University of Colorado)

Video on how scientists take Earth's temperature (NASA)

Mitigation / Adaptation

Confronting climate change: Avoiding the unmanageable and managing the unavoidable (United Nations Foundation and Sigma XI)

Stabilization wedges (Princeton University)

What You Can Do:
• Tips from this module
• EPA
• The Nature Conservancy

News Media

American Meteorological Society station scientist initiative

Earth Gauge station scientist initiative

IPCC:
• Localizing a Global Story (summary information for broadcasters)
• Recorded briefing for broadcast meteorologists

Tips on talking about climate change:
• Moser, S. C. and L. Dilling, 2006: Creating a Climate for Change: Communicating Climate Change and Facilitating Social Change. Cambridge University Press, 576 pp.
• Ward, B., 2008, Communicating on Climate Change: An Essential Resource for Journalists, Scientists, and Educators. Metcalf Institute for Marine and Environmental Reporting, 74 pp.

Yale news media project on climate change

Organizations

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
• Statement on climate change

American Association of State Climatologists
• Statement on climate change

American Geophysical Union (AGU)
• Statement on climate change

American Meteorological Society (AMS)
• Statement on climate change

United States Climate Action Partnership (USCAP) (group of businesses and environmental organizations)

U.S. Agencies

EPA Climate Change website

National Academies of Science Climate Change website

NASA Climate Change websites:
• NASA's Eyes on the Earth
• Climate change resource reel
• Global Change Master Directory

NOAA websites:
• Climate Program Office
• General climate website
• National Climatic Data Center

U.S. Climate Change Science Program

U.S. Geological Survey Climate Change Science:
• Climate change
• Global change
• Global warming
• Greenhouse gases
• Sea-level change

References by Section

What Changes Climate?
Is It Real?
How Do We Know?
Why Should We Care?
How Sure Are Scientists?
What Next?

What Changes Climate?

Climate Influences: The First Inkling
Arrhenius, S., 1896: On the influence of carbonic acid in the air upon the temperature of the ground. Philosophical Magazine, 41, 237-76.

Arrhenius, S., 1901: Über die wärmeabsorption durch kohlensäure und ihren einfluss auf die temperatur der erdoberfläche. Förhandlingar Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens, 58, 25-58.

Arrhenius, S., 1908: Worlds in the Making. Klempner Press, 248 pp.

Weart, Spencer, 2008: The Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Effect. From the online hypertext book, The Discovery of Global Warming, hosted on the American Institute of Physics website.

Climate Influences: Natural Factors
Windows to the Universe: What Controls the Climate?

Climate Influences: Greenhouse Effect
IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. FAQ. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H. O. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 996 pp. (p. 100).

EPA: U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory

UNFCC: Global Warming Potentials

Climate Influences: Carbon Cycle
Koshland Science Museum: The Natural Carbon Balance

Windows to the Universe^®: The Carbon Cycle

Climate Influences: Past Climates
Bradley, R. S., M. K. Hughes, and H. F. Diaz, 2003: Climate in medieval time. Science, 302, 404-405.

Caillon, N., J. P. Severinghaus, J. Jouzel, J. Barnola, J. Kang, and V. Y. Lipenkov, 2003: Timing of atmospheric CO₂ and Antarctic temperature changes across Termination III. Science, 299, 1728-1731.

Henson, R., 2008: The Rough Guide to Climate Change. Rough Guides Ltd, 384 pp. (p. 193-226).

Lüthi, D., M. Le Floch, B. Bereiter, T. Blunier, J. Barnola, U. Siegenthaler, D. Raynaud, J. Jouzel, H. Fischer, K. Kawamura, and T.Stocker, 2008: High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000-800,000 years before present. Nature 453, 379-382.

NOAA Satellite and Information Service and National Climatic Data Center: A Paleo Perspective on Global Warming: The "Medieval Warm Period."

FAQ
On the "hockey stick" diagram:
Mann, M. E., Z. Zhang, M. K. Hughes, R. S. Bradley, S. K. Miller, S. Rutherford, and F. Ni, 2008: Proxy-based reconstructions of hemispheric and global surface temperature variations over the past two millennia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 13252-13257.

Is It Real?

Evidence of Change: Temperatures
Henson, R., 2008: The Rough Guide to Climate Change. Rough Guides Ltd, 384 pp. (p. 3-5, 54).

IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. FAQ. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H. O. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. 996 pp. (p. 103).

Meehl, G. A., C. Tebaldi, G. Walton , D. Easterling , L. McDaniel, 2009: The relative increase of record high maximum temperatures compared to record low minimum temperatures in the US. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L23701.

NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies Global Temperature Trends, 2008: 2008 Annual Summation.

National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR): How Do We Know the Earth Is Warming now?

NOAA, 2008: Arctic Report Card 2008.

Evidence of Change: Oceans
Calvin, W. H., 2008: Global Fever: How to Treat Climate Change. University of Chicago Press, 337 pp. (p.174-178).

Dessler, A. E. and E. A. Parson, 2006: The Science and Politics of Global Climate Change: A Guide to the Debate. Cambridge University Press, 200 pp. (p. 65).

Domingues, C. M., J. A. Church, N. J. White, P. J. Gleckler, S. E. Wijffels, P. M. Barker, and J. R. Dunn, 2008: Improved estimates of upper-ocean warming and multi-decadal sea-level rise. Nature, 453, 1090-1093.

European Project on Ocean Acidification, 2008: Loss of Pteropods Might Be Catastrophic.

Henson, R., 2008: The Rough Guide to Climate Change. Rough Guides Ltd, 384 pp. (p. 106-127).

Evidence of Change: Snow and Ice
Brahic, Catherine, 2007: Melting of mountain glaciers is accelerating. NewScientist, 30 January 2007.

Calvin, W.H., 2008. Global Fever: How to Treat Climate Change. University of Chicago Press, 337 pp. (p.146).

IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K and Reisinger, A. (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 104 pp.

Pederson, G. T., S. T. Gray, D. B. Fagre, L. J. Graumlich, 2006: Long-duration drought variability and impacts on ecosystem services: A case study from Glacier National Park, Montana. Earth Interactions, 10, paper no. 4, 1-28.

University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), 2007: Arctic Sea Ice Summer Minimums: Past and Future.

Young, S., 2008: Glaciers on California's Mount Shasta Keep Growing. USA Today, July 8, 2008.

Evidence of Change: Rain and Drought
Henson, R., 2008: The Rough Guide to Climate Change. Rough Guides Ltd, 384 pp. (p. 58-74).

Karl, T. R., G. A. Meehl, C. D. Miller, S. J. Hassol, A. W. Waple, W. L. Murray (eds.), 2008: Weather and Climate Extremes in a Changing Climate, Regions of Focus: North America, Hawaii, Caribbean, and U.S. Pacific Islands. U.S. Climate Change Science Program, Synthesis and Assessment Product 3.3. 180 pp. (p. 4, 18, 43).

Evidence of Change: Ecosystems
Henson, R., 2008: The Rough Guide to Climate Change. Rough Guides Ltd, 384 pp. (p. 5. Info on Tokyo's cherry trees).

Kurz, W. A., C. C. Dymond, G. Stinson, G. J. Rampley, E. T. Neilson, A. L. Carroll, T. Ebata, and L. Safranyik, 2008: Mountain pine beetle and forest carbon feedback to climate change. Nature, 452, 987-990.

Parmesan, C. and G. Yohe, 2002: A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems. Nature, 421, 37-42.

Evidence of Change: U.S. Regions

Contiguous U.S. Temperature (NOAA).

U.S. Global Change Research Program: Global Climate Change Impacts in the US (2009).

The Human Element: CO₂Caillon, N., J. P.Severinghaus, J. Jouzel, J. Barnola, J. Kang, and V. Y. Lipenkov, 2003: Timing of atmospheric CO₂ and Antarctic temperature changes across Termination III. Science, 299, 1728-1731.

Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, 2008: Global CO ₂ Emissions: Increase Continued in 2007 (link to data spreadsheet under the figure).

The Human Element: Other Greenhouse Gases
EPA: Methane.

Weiss, R. F., J. Mühle, P. K. Salameh, and R. F. Weiss, 2008: Nitrogen trifluoride in the global atmosphere. Geophysical Research Letters, 35, L20821, doi:10.1029/2008GL035913.

The Human Element: Are Humans the Cause?
IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: Summary for Policymakers. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K and Reisinger, A. (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland. 104 pp. (p.5-6).

FAQ
Warming is not the urban heat island effect:
Hansen, J., R. Ruedy, M. Sato, M. Imhoff, W. Lawrence, D. Easterling, T. Peterson, T. Karl, 2001: A closer look at United States and global surface temperature change. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 23947-23963.

Henson, R., 2008: The Rough Guide to Climate Change. Rough Guides Ltd, 384 pp. (p. 176-177).

Parker, D. E., 2006: A demonstration that large-scale warming is not urban. J. Climate, 19, 2882-2895.

Peterson, T. C., 2003: Assessment of urban versus rural in situ surface temperatures in the contiguous United States: No difference found. J. Climatology, 16, 2941-2959.

How Do We Know?

The Experts: IPCC
IPCC: About IPCC.

IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K and Reisinger, A. (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland. 104 pp. (p. 26).

The Experts: Other Experts
American Geophysical Union
• Statement on climate change

American Meteorological Society
• Statement on climate change

National Academy of Sciences
• Reports on climate change

U.S. Climate Change Science Program

U.S. Global Change Research Program

Tools: Data: Paleoclimate
Ice Cores
Lüthi, D., M. Le Floch, B. Bereiter, T. Blunier, J. Barnola, U. Siegenthaler, D. Raynaud, J. Jouzel, H. Fischer, K. Kawamura, and T. F. Stocker, 2008. High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000-800,000 years before present. Nature, 453, 379-382.

Mann, M. E., Z. Zhang, M. K. Hughes, R. S. Bradley, S. K. Miller, S. Rutherford, and F. Ni, 2008: Proxy-based reconstructions of hemispheric and global surface temperature variations over the past two millennia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 13252-13257.

Tree Rings
Cowie, J., 2007: Climate Change: Biological and Human Aspects. Cambridge University Press, 504 pp. (p. 43).

Salzer, M. W., and M. K. Hughes, 2007: Bristlecone pine tree rings and volcanic eruptions over the last 5000 yr. Quaternary Research, 67, 57 - 68.

Coral
Gagan, M. K., L. K. Ayliffe, J. W. Beck, J. E. Cole, E. R. M. Druffel, R. B. Dunbar, and D. P. Schrag, 2000: New views of tropical paleoclimates from corals. Quaternary Science Reviews, 19, 1-5 45-64.

NOAA Office of Global Programs: How Has the Earth's Climate Changed? Coral Cores May Tell the Tale.

Climate Models
Gilbert, S. W., and S. W. Ireton, 2003: Understanding Models. NSTA Press, 144 pp.

National Center for Atmospheric Research (UCAR): Paleoclimate Research.

Tools: Data: Observations
NASA: Video on how scientists take Earth's temperature.

Tools: Models: What They Are
Manabe, S., and R. T. Wetherald, 1975: The effects of doubling the CO₂ concentration on the climate of a general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 3-15.

University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR): Picturing Climate's Complexity: Community Climate System Model.

University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR): Predicting the Future with Climate Models.

Tools: Models: Uncertainties
National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR): What are the shortcomings of climate models?

Reichler, T., and J. Kim, 2008: How well do coupled models simulate today's climate?. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 89, 303-311.

University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR): The accuracy of the CCSM.

Tools: Models: Attribution Studies

Otto, F. E. L., N. Massey, G. J. van Oldenborgh, R. G. Jones, M. R. Allen, 2012: Reconciling two approaches to attribution of the 2010 Russian heat wave. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L04702.

Stott, P. A., M. Allen, N. Christidis, R. Dole, M. Hoerling, C. Huntingford, P. Pall, J. Perlwitz, D. Stone, 2011: Attribution of Weather and Climate-Related Extreme Events. World Climate Research Programme conference paper.

UCAR, 2011: Doping the Atmosphere? When Greenhouse Gases Enter the Climate System, What Kind of Weather Comes Out?

FAQ
University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR): Don't all the government reviewers and negotiations over wording make the IPCC report a political, not a scientific, document?

Harvard Environmental Science and Public Policy Archives: Working Group I Fourth Assessment Report Review Comments and Responses

Why Should We Care?

Only a Few Degrees: Why It Matters
Broecker, W. S., and R. Kunzig, 2008: Fixing Climate: What Past Climate Changes Reveal About the Current Threat--and How to Counter It. Hill and Wang, 253 pp. (p.161).

IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: Summary for Policymakers. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K and Reisinger, A. (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 104 pp. (p. 9-10).

Taylor, E. L., and P. E. Ryberg, 2007: Tree growth at polar latitudes based on fossil tree ring analysis. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,255, 3-4, 246-264.

Only a Few Degrees: Weather in a Changing Environment

Rahmstorf, S. and D. Coumou, 26 March 2012: Extremely Hot. Downloaded from RealClimate.org.

Only a Few Degrees: Hotter Summers/Warmer Winters
Karl, T. R., G. A. Meehl, C. D. Miller, S. J. Hassol, A. W. Waple, W. L. Murray (eds.), 2008: Weather and Climate Extremes in a Changing Climate, Regions of Focus: North America, Hawaii, Caribbean, and U.S. Pacific Islands. U.S. Climate Change Science Program, Synthesis and Assessment Product 3.3. 180 pp. ( p.4).

Luterbacher, J., D. Dietrich, E. Xoplaki, M. Grosjean, H. Wanner, 2004: European Seasonal and Annual Temperature Variability, Trends, and Extremes Since 1500. Science, 5 March 2004: Vol. 303 no. 5663, pp. 1499-1503.

Robine, J. M., S. L. Cheung, S. Le Roy, H. Van Oyen, F. R. Herrmann, 2007: Report on excess mortality in Europe during summer 2003. EU Community Action Programme for Public Health, Grant Agreement 2005114).

Only a Few Degrees: Drought and Floods
Karl, T. R., G. A. Meehl, C. D. Miller, S. J. Hassol, A. W. Waple, W. L. Murray (eds.), 2008: Weather and Climate Extremes in a Changing Climate, Regions of Focus: North America, Hawaii, Caribbean, and U.S. Pacific Islands. U.S. Climate Change Science Program, Synthesis and Assessment Product 3.3. 180 pp. ( p.4).

Only a Few Degrees: Sea-Level Rise
Bell, R., 2008: Unquiet ice speaks volumes on global warming. Scientific American, February, 2008, p. 60-67.

Broecker, W. S., and R. Kunzig, 2008: Fixing Climate: What Past Climate Changes Reveal About the Current Threat--and How to Counter It. Hill and Wang, 253 pp. (p.155-159).

Calvin, W. H., 2008: Global Fever: How to Treat Climate Change. University of Chicago Press, 337 pp. (p. 128).

IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K and Reisinger, A. (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland. 104 pp. (p. 45).

Jevrejeva, S., J. C. Moore, and A. Grinsted (2010), How will sea level respond to changes in natural and anthropogenic forcings by 2100? Geophys. Res. Lett., doi:10.1029/2010GL042947

Koshland Museum: Impacts of Change: Impacts of Sea Level Rise on Nature.

Koshland Museum: Impacts of Change: Sea Level Rise.

University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR): Arctic Sea Ice Summer Minimums 1990 to 2049.

USGS, 2000: National Assessment of Coastal Vulnerability to Sea-Level Rise.

Only a Few Degrees: Extreme Weather
Center for Health and the Global Environment (Harvard Medical School), 2005: Climate Change Futures: Health, Ecological and Economic Dimensions. 142 pp.

Cohen, S. and Miller, K. (2001): North America; in Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, (ed.) J. J. McCarthy, O. F. Canziani, N. A. Leary, D. J. Dokken and K. S. White, contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, p. 735-800.

Holland, G. J., and P. J. Webster, 2007: Heightened tropical cyclone activity in the North Atlantic: Natural variability or climate trend? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 365, 2695-2716.

Morss, R., O. Wilhelmi, G. A. Meehl, and L. Dilling, 2011: Improving societal outcomes of extreme weather in a changing climate: An integrated perspective. Downloaded from annualreviews.org.

Natural Resources Canada: Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation: A Canadian Perspective. http://adaptation.nrcan.gc.ca/perspective/forest_3_e.php.

Trapp, R. J., N. S. Diffenbaugh, H. E. Brooks, M. E. Baldwin, E. D. Robinson, and J. S. Pal, 2007: Changes in severe thunderstorm environment frequency during the 21st century caused by anthropogenically enhanced global radiative forcing. PNAS, 104, 19719-19723.

University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), 2007: Frequency of Atlantic Hurricanes Doubled Over Last Century; Climate Change Suspected.

University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), 2005: Hurricanes Are Getting Stronger, Study Says.

U.S. Climate Change Science Program, 2008: Weather and Climate Extremes in a Changing Climate: Frequently Asked Questions, Synthesis and Assessment Product 3.3.

U.S. National Science and Technology Council, 2008: Scientific Assessment of the Effects of Global Change on the United States.

Other Effects: Ocean Ecosystems
McAuliffe, K., 2008: Ocean acidification: A global case of osteoporosis. Discover, July 16, 2008.

Other Effects: Health
Bell M. L., R. Golderg, C. Hogrefe, P. L. Kinney, K. Knowlton, B. Lynn, J. Rosenthal, C. Rosenzweig, and J. Patz, 2007: Climate change, ambient ozone, and health in 50 US cities. Climatic Change, 82, 61 - 76.

Colwell, R. R., Global climate and health: Predicting infectious disease outbreaks. Innovations, 1, 19-23.

Jacobson, M. Z., 2008: On the causal link between carbon dioxide and air pollution mortality. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L03809.

Mohan, J. E., L. H. Ziska, R. C. Sicher Jr., K. George, R. B. Thomas, W. H. Schlesinger, 2006: Biomass and toxicity responses of poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) to elevated atmospheric CO₂. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,103, 9086-9089.

Morens, D. M., and A. S. Fauci, 2008: Dengue and hemorrhagic fever: A potential threat to public health in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 299, 214-216.

Reuters, 2008: Tropical Dengue Fever May Threaten U.S. Reuters website, January 8, 2008.

Struck, Doug, 2006: Climate Change Drives Disease to New Territory. The Washington Post, May 5, 2006.

University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), 2008: Dengue Fever Heads North.

Epstein, P. R., 2005: Climate change and human health. New England Journal of Medicine, 353, 1433-1436. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/14/1433.

Other Effects: Economics
Broecker, W. S., and R. Kunzig, 2008: Fixing Climate: What Past Climate Changes Reveal About the Current Threat—and How to Counter It. Hill and Wang, 253 pp. (p.164-165).

EPA: Climate Change - Health and Environmental Effects: Agriculture and Food Supply.

Gu, L., P. J. Hanson, W. M. Post, D. P. Kaiser, B. Yang, R. Nemani, S. G. Pallardy, and T. Meyers, 2008: The 2007 eastern US spring freeze: Increased cold damage in a warming world?, BioScience, 58, 253-262.

Jaffe, M., 2008: Ski Resorts Face Chilling Vision: Less Snow, Time. The Denver Post, December 16, 2008, p. A-01.

Mohan, J. E., L. H. Ziska, R. C. Sicher Jr., K. George, R. B. Thomas, W. H. Schlesinger, 2006: Poison ivy grows larger and more poisonous at elevated atmospheric CO₂. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103(24):9086-9089. National Wildlife Federation: Gardener's Guide to Global Warming.

U.S. Climate Change Science Program, 2008: Synthesis and Assessment Product 4.3: The Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture, Land Resources, Water Resources, and Biodiversity in the United States.

Other Effects: Security
Busby, Joshua W., 2007: Climate Change and National Security: An Agenda for Action, Council on Foreign Relations Press 40 pp.

House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence and House Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming, 2008: National Intelligence Assessment on the National Security Implications of Global Climate Change to 2030, 2008, Statement for the Record of Dr. Thomas Fingar, Deputy Director of National Intelligence for Analysis.

Itano, Nicole, 2008: Climate Change: The World's Biggest Security Threat.

Pumphrey, Carolyn, 2008: Global Climate Change: National Security Implications, 2008, U.S. Army War College, 454 pp.

The CNA Corporation: National Security and the Threat of Climate Change.

Other Effects: Regional Impacts
Franco, G., D. Cayan, S. C. Moser, M. H. Hanemann, and M. A. Jones (2011). Second California Assessment: Integrated Climate Change Impacts Assessment of Natural and Managed Systems - An Introduction. Climatic Change 109 (Suppl. 1), online first: DOI: 10.1007/s10584-011-0318-z.

National Assessment Synthesis Foundation document: L. M. Carter, E. Shea, M. Hamnett, C. Anderson, G. Dolcemascolo, C. Guard, M. Taylor, T. Barnston, Y. He, M. Larsen, L. Loope, L. Malone, and G. Meehl, 2001: Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change for the US Affiliated Islands of the Pacific and Caribbean, pp. 315-349 in The Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change: Foundation Report, Report by the National Assessment Synthesis Team for the US Global Change Research Program, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 620 pp., 2001.

EPA: Climate Change—Health and Environmental Effects: U.S. Regions.

IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Parry, Martin L., Canziani, Osvaldo F., Palutikof, Jean P., van der Linden, Paul J., and Hanson, Clair E. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1000 pp.

National Wildlife Federation: Global Warming in Your State.

U.S. Global Change Research Program: Global Climate Change Impacts in the US (2009).

FAQ
On tipping points:
Lenton, T. M., H. Held, E. Kriegler, J. W. Hall, W. Lucht, S. Rahmstorf, and H. J. Schellnhuber, 2008: Tipping elements in the Earth's climate system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 1786-1793.

Does a hard winter in a particular location prove global warming isn't true?
NOAA: Graphical Anomaly Products.

How Sure Are Scientists?

IPCC Confidence Probabilities: Signs, Causes, Effects
IPCC: Guidance Notes for Lead Authors of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report on Addressing Uncertainties.

IPCC Confidence Probabilities: The Future
IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: Summary for Policymakers. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K and Reisinger, A. (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland. 104 pp.

Two Positions: It's Not Happening
Dessler, A. E. and E. A. Parson: The Science and Politics of Global Climate Change: A Guide to the Debate. Cambridge University Press, 200 pp. (p. 135-144).

Pielke Sr., R. A., 2008: A broader view of the role of humans in the climate system. Physics Today, 61, Vol. 11, 54-55.

Two Positions: It's Worse than We Thought
Borenstein, S., 2007: New Climate Report Too Rosy, Experts Say. The Washington Post, January 28, 2007.

Pielke, Jr., R., T. Wigley, and C. Green, 2008: Dangerous assumptions. Nature, 452, 531-532.

University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, 2007: Arctic Ice Retreating More Quickly Than Computer Models Project.

University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, 2008: Climate Change Threat: Developing Countries Lack Means to Acquire More Efficient Technologies.

University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, 2008: Emission Reduction Assumptions for Carbon Dioxide Overly Optimistic, Study Says.

Two Positions: Consensus?
U.S. Climate Action Partnership: Consortium of major businesses who agree for need for action on climate.

Doran, P. T. and M. Kendall Zimmerman, 2009: Examining the scientific consensus on climate change. Eos Transactions, AGU, 90, doi:10.1029/2009EO030002, pp. 22-23.

Lichter, S. R., 2008: Climate Scientists Agree on Warming, Disagree on Dangers, and Don't Trust the Media's Coverage of Climate Change (Survey of climate scientists by George Mason University).

FAQ

Global cooling:
Peterson, T. C., W. M. Connolley, and J. Fleck, 2008: The myth of the 1970s global cooling scientific consensus. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 89, 9 1325-1337.

University Corporation for Atmospheric Research: Weren't Scientists Warning Us about Global Cooling a Few Years Ago?